Importancia del conocimiento anatómico del espacio extraperitoneal y su utilidad en los abordajes quirúrgicos / Importance of anatomical knowledge of the extraperitoneal space and its usefulness in surgical approaches

Introducción. El espacio extraperitoneal, se define como el segmento topográfico ubicado entre el peritoneo parietal internamente y la fascia transversalis externamente. Como resultado del desarrollo y consolidación de la cirugía laparoscópica, en particular de la herniorrafia inguinal por esta vía, se ha presentado un renovado y creciente interés en esta área anatómica, debido a la importancia de su conocimiento detallado en la cirugía de mínima invasión. Métodos. Se hizo una revisión narrativa de la literatura para presentar una información actualizada y detallada sobre la anatomía del espacio extraperitoneal y su importancia en diferentes procedimientos quirúrgicos realizados actualmente. Resultados. Por fuera del espacio peritoneal, se encuentran las áreas anatómicas externas al peritoneo parietal, que incluyen la preperitoneal y la retroperitoneal. Mediante la laparoscopia, se pueden localizar en estos espacios cinco triángulos anatómicos, además de la corona mortis y el triángulo supra vesical. Conclusión. El conocimiento del espacio extraperitoneal es de gran importancia para el cirujano general, teniendo en cuenta los múltiples procedimientos que requieren el abordaje de esta área topográfica

Introduction. The extraperitoneal space is defined as the topographic segment located between the parietal peritoneum internally and the fascia transversalis externally. As a result of the development and consolidation of laparoscopic surgery, particularly inguinal herniorrhaphy by this route, there has been a renewed and growing interest in this anatomical area, due to the importance of its detailed knowledge in minimally invasive surgery. Methods. A narrative review of the literature was made to present updated and detailed information on the anatomy of the extraperitoneal space and its importance in different surgical procedures currently performed. Results. Outside the peritoneal space are the anatomical areas external to the parietal peritoneum, including the preperitoneal and extraperitoneal. Using laparoscopy, five anatomical triangles, in addition to the corona mortis and the supravesical triangle, can be located in these spaces. Conclusion. Knowledge of the extraperitoneal space is of great importance for the general surgeon, taking into account the multiple procedures that require the approach of this topographic area

Impacto da disseminação de informação sobre endometriose no autocuidado de adolescentes de escola pública / Impact of dissemination of information about endometriosis on self-care of public school adolescents

Objetivo: Averiguar o conhecimento das adolescentes sobre endometriose, que é uma doença estrogênio-dependente, podendo ser progressiva, e que se caracteriza pela presença do tecido endometrial fora do útero. Estima-se que a endometriose acometa cerca de 10% das mulheres em idade reprodutiva, sendo 4% a 17% das adolescentes. Métodos: A pesquisa foi desenvolvida com adolescentes estudantes do terceiro ano do ensino médio de escolas estaduais do município de Avaré (São Paulo) de forma descritiva, exploratória e quali-quantitativa, em três etapas: aplicação de questionário, realização de palestra e nova aplicação de questionário. Participaram quatro escolas, totalizando 80 adolescentes participantes na primeira fase e 48 adolescentes na terceira fase. Resultados: Houve aumento de 21,35 vezes no número de adolescentes que se beneficiaram dos conhecimentos gerados pelas palestras, além da replicação da informação para terceiros, possivelmente aumento no número de mulheres que tomaram conhecimento sobre o que é endometriose. Conclusão: Verificou-se que a aplicação de palestras informativas sobre sinais e sintomas de endometriose aumentou o grau de conhecimento de adolescentes entre 16 e 17 anos de escola pública.

Objective: To investigate the knowledge of adolescents about Endometriosis, which is a progressive, estrogen/dependent disease, which can be progressive and which is characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus. It is estimated that it affects about 10% of women of reproductive age, of which 2%-4% are postmenopausal, with or without hormonal treatment, and 4% to 17% of adolescents. Methods: The research was carried out with adolescent students in the 3rd year of high school from state schools in the city of Avaré (São Paulo) in a descriptive, exploratory and qualitative-quantitative manner in three stages: application of a questionnaire, holding a lecture and a new application of quiz. Four schools participated, totaling 80 adolescents participating in the first phase and 48 adolescents in the third phase. Results: There was a 21.35-fold increase in the number of adolescents who benefited from the knowledge generated by the lectures, in addition to the replication of information to third parties, possibly an increase in the number of women who learned about what endometriosis is. Conclusion: It was found that the application of informative lectures on signs and symptoms of endometriosis increased the level of knowledge of adolescents between 16 and 17 years of age in public school.

Diagnóstico, manejo y tratamiento de pacientes con peritonitis secundaria en una unidad de cirugía general / Diagnosis, management and treatment of patients with secondary peritonitis in a general surgery unit

La peritonitis es una inflamación aguda o crónica del peritoneo que generalmente tiene un origen infeccioso. Existen varios tipos, siendo la de tipo secundario la más frecuente. El término peritonitis secundaria se define como la inflamación localizada o generalizada de la membrana peritoneal causada por infección polimicrobiana posterior a la ruptura traumática o espontánea de una víscera o secundaria a la dehiscencia de anastomosis intestinales. Esta entidad se caracteriza por la presencia de pus en la cavidad peritoneal o de líquido; que, en el estudio microscópico directo, contiene leucocitos y bacterias. El tratamiento de esta patología constituye una urgencia y puede ser de tipo clínico y/o quirúrgico. El objetivo del manejo operatorio se basa en identificar y eliminar la causa de la infección, recoger muestras microbiológicas, realizar una limpieza peritoneal y prevenir la recidiva. El tratamiento clínico se ocupa de las consecuencias de la infección mediante la reanimación perioperatoria y el tratamiento antibiótico1. A pesar de los avances en diagnóstico, procedimientos quirúrgicos, terapia antimicrobiana y cuidados intensivos, la mortalidad asociada con la peritonitis secundaria grave es aún muy alta. El pronóstico y el manejo oportuno representan la clave para mejorar la sobrevida y reducir la mortalidad asociada a infecciones intraabdominales extensas2. Es importante establecer lineamientos en cuanto al diagnóstico, manejo antibiótico y pautas de tratamiento quirúrgico para disminuir la morbilidad y mortalidad asociada a esta enfermedad. Palabras clave: Peritonitis; Peritoneo; Cavidad Abdominal/cirugía; Cavidad Peritoneal; Líquido Ascítico/patología; Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Operativos.

Peritonitis is an acute or chronic inflammation of the peritoneum that generally has an infectious origin. There are several types, with secondary peritonitis being the most frequent. The term secondary peritonitis is defined as localized or generalized inflammation of the peritoneal membrane caused by polymicrobial infection following traumatic or spontaneous rupture of a viscus or secondary to dehiscence of intestinal anastomoses. This entity is characterized by the presence of pus in the peritoneal cavity or fluid which, on direct microscopic examination, contains leukocytes and bacteria. The treatment of this pathology constitutes an emergency and can be clinical and/or surgical. The aim of operative management is based on identifying and eliminating the cause of the infection, collecting microbiological samples, performing peritoneal cleansing and preventing recurrence. Clinical management deals with the consequences of the infection by perioperative resuscitation and antibiotic treatment1 . Despite advances in diagnosis, surgical procedures, antimicrobial therapy and intensive care, mortality associated with severe secondary peritonitis is still very high. Prognosis and timely management represent the key to improving survival and reducing mortality associated with extensive intra-abdominal infections2. It is important to establish guidelines for diagnosis, antibiotic management and surgical treatment guidelines to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with this disease.

Experiencia en el tratamiento del divertículo de Meckel con abordaje abierto versus laparoscópico-asistido supraumbilical en niños / Experience in the treatment of Meckel's diverticulum with an open approach versus laparoscopic-assisted supraumbilical in children

Introducción: El divertículo de Meckel (DdM) es la malformación intestinal congénita más común diagnosticada intraoperatoriamente y requiere una resolución quirúrgica una vez conocido el diagnóstico. El presente estudio describe la experiencia en el tratamiento quirúrgico abierto y laparoscópico del DdM. Metodología: El presente estudio transversal retrospectivo, se realizó en niños tratados en el Hospital de Niños Dr. Roberto Gilbert Elizalde, Guayaquil Ecuador, en un periodo de 8 años con diagnóstico de divertículo de Meckel; se analizan variables como: edad, sexo, síntomas, diagnóstico posquirúrgico, técnica quirúrgica, estancia hospitalaria, complicaciones, resultados de biopsia, presentación clínica. Se utiliza estadística descriptiva univariada. Resultados: Se analizan 81 casos, 52 hombres (64%), 25 lactantes (31%), 23 adolescentes (28%). 50 casos (62%) se presentaron como abdomen agudo, 17 casos (21%) se presentaron como hemorragia intestinal. El DdM incidental durante una apendicitis aguda fue realizado en forma incidental en 23 casos (52%). Fueron 67 casos (83%) fueron sometidos a cirugía abierta y 14 casos (17%) fueron sometidos a cirugía combinada. Las complicaciones fueron 8/67 casos (11.9%) en cirugía abierta, y 1/14 casos (7.1%) en cirugía combinada (P=0.60). Conclusión: La resección laparoscópica de DdM no aumentó el riesgo de morbilidad o el tiempo operatorio.

Introduction: Meckel's diverticulum (MsD) is the most common congenital intestinal malformation diag-nosed intraoperatively and requires surgical resolution once the diagnosis is known. The present study de-scribes the experience in the open and laparoscopic surgical treatment of MsD. Methodology: This cross-sectional - retrospective study was carried out in children treated at the Dr. Roberto Gilbert Elizalde Children's Hospital, Guayaquil - Ecuador, for over eight years with a diagnosis of Meckel's diverticulum; variables such as age, sex, symptoms, post-surgical diagnosis, surgical technique, hospital stay, complications, biopsy results, clinical presentation are analyzed. Univariate descriptive statistics are used. Results: 81 cases were analyzed, 52 men (64%), 25 infants (31%), 23 adolescents (28%). 50 cases (62%) pre-sented as acute abdomen, and 17 cases (21%) presented as intestinal hemorrhage. Incidental MD during acute appendicitis was performed incidentally in 23 cases (52%). 67 cases (83%) underwent open surgery, and 14 (17%) underwent combined surgery. Complications were 8/67 cases (11.9%) in open surgery and 1/14 cases (7.1%) in combined surgery (P=0.60). Conclusion: Laparoscopic resection of MsD did not increase the risk of morbidity or operative time.

Is there a precise correlation between the lengths of the peritoneal reflection and the middle rectal valve?

Introduction: Pelvic anatomy remains a challenge, and thorough knowledge of its intricate landmarks has major clinical and surgical implications in several medical specialties. The peritoneal reflection is an important landmark in intraluminal surgery, rectal trauma, impalement, and rectal adenocarcinoma. Objectives: To investigate the correlation between the lengths of the middle rectal valve and of the peritoneal reflection determined with rigid sigmoidoscopy and to determine whether there are any differences in the location of the peritoneal reflection between the genders and in relation to body mass index (BMI) and parity. Design: We prospectively investigated the location of the middle rectal valve and of the peritoneal reflection via intraoperative rigid sigmoidoscopy in colorectal cancer patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery. Results: We evaluated 38 patients with a mean age of 55.5 years old (57.5% males) who underwent colorectal surgery at the coloproctology service of the Hospital Santa Marcelina, São Paulo, state of São Paulo, Brazil. There was substantial agreement between the lengths of the middle rectal valve and of the peritoneal reflection (Kappa = 0.66). In addition, the peritoneal reflection was significantly lower in overweight patients (p = 0.013 for women and p < 0.005 for men) and in women with > 2 vaginal deliveries (p = 0.009), but there was no significant difference in the length of the peritoneal reflection between genders (p = 0.32). Conclusion: There was substantial agreement between the lengths of the peritoneal reflection and of the middle rectal valve, and the peritoneal reflection was significantly lower in overweight patients and in women with more than two vaginal deliveries. (AU)

Causas infrecuentes de ascitis: Reporte de 5 casos / Uncommon causes of ascites: Report of 5 cases

Introducción: La ascitis se define como la presencia de líquido en la cavidad peritoneal. La etiología más común la constituyen las enfermedades hepáticas que cursan con hipertensión portal, dentro de ellas la cirrosis hepática reportada en un 40 por ciento, a 5 años de seguimiento de los casos. Estudios previos muestran que la ascitis por enfermedad cirrótica hepática es entre un 80-85 por ciento, también la carcinomatosis se presenta en un 10 por ciento, y dentro de las causas más raras están la insuficiencia cardiaca y la tuberculosis peritoneal en un 3 por ciento, junto con la trombosis de la vena porta, sarcoidosis, tumores intraperitoneales, ascitis pancreática y la enteritis eosinofílica. Objetivo: Describir presentaciones clínicas infrecuentes como causa de ascitis en pacientes hospitalizados en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras. Presentación de casos: Se presentan cinco casos que ingresaron en el Hospital Hermanos Ameijeiras con diagnóstico de Ascitis: quilosa, hemorrágica, eosinofílica y coloide, con las patologías que los llevaron a esa manifestación clínica y una breve descripción de la misma. Conclusión: El análisis de las presentaciones clínicas de los casos, los hallazgos en los estudios imagenológicos y en los exámenes de laboratorio, así como los resultados anatomopatológicos permitieron el diagnóstico de las entidades causantes de ascitis atípicas en estos pacientes(AU)

Introduction: Ascites is defined as the presence of fluid in the peritoneal cavity. The most common etiology is liver diseases with portal hypertension; among them liver cirrhosis is reported in 40 percent of cases with 5-year follow-up. Previous studies demonstrate that ascites due to cirrhotic liver disease occurs in 80-85 percent of the cases, that carcinomatosis is also present in 10 percent, and also that among the rarest causes, heart failure and peritoneal tuberculosis are present in 3 percent of cases along with portal vein thrombosis, sarcoidosis, intraperitoneal tumors, pancreatic ascites and eosinophilic enteritis. Objective: To describe uncommon clinical presentations as cause of ascites in patients admitted to Hermanos Ameijeiras Clinical Surgical Hospital. Case presentation: Five cases of patients admitted to Hermanos Ameijeiras Clinical Surgical Hospital with the diagnosis of ascites: chylous, hemorrhagic, eosinophilic and colloid as well as the pathologies that led them to this clinical manifestation and a brief description of it are presented. Conclusion: The analysis of the clinical presentation of the cases, the findings in the imaging studies and laboratory tests and the anatomopathological results allowed the diagnosis of the entities causing atypical ascites in these patients(AU)

Condução de um caso de infecção de sítio operatório de cavidade peritoneal em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde no início da Pandemia por COVID-19 no município de Bocaina do Sul ­ SC / Conducting a case of infection of the peritoneal cavity surgical site in a Basic Health Unit at the beginning of the Pandemic by COVID-19 in the city of Bocaina do Sul - SC / Realización de un caso de infección del lecho quirúrgico de la cavidad peritoneal en una Unidad Básica de Salud al inicio de la Pandemia por COVID-19 en la ciudad de Bocaina do Sul - SC

Introduction: The world was surprised by COVID - 19 Pandemic, a viral infection caused by SARS-COV-2, which started in Wuhan, People's Republic of China, in December 2019. In addition to this new disease, the entire Brazil continued to deal with other diseases that have plagued our patients for decades. We present a case report of infection of the peritoneal cavity operative site that occurred at the beginning of the Pandemic by COVID-19 in Brazil. Case Report: patient who underwent radical prostatectomy, evolved with infection of the operative site 30 days after surgery, had a collection in the abdominal wall that was interconnected with pelvis cavity that could be drained with a wall drain. Discussion: The rate of infection of the operative site can reach up to 5% in radical prostatectomy surgeries, which is an acceptable rate. The beginning of the Pandemic in Brazil prevented the patients from returning to the big hospitals to some extent, either due to fear or uncertainty. Conclusion: We present a case of infection of the surgical site that coincided with the beginning of the Coronavirus Pandemic in Brazil that can be treated in a Basic Health Unit.

Introdução: O mundo foi surpreendido pela pandemia COVID-19, uma infecção viral causada pelo SARS-COV-2, iniciada em Wuhan, na República Popular da China, em dezembro de 2019. Além dessa nova doença, o Brasil inteiro continuou a lidar com outras doenças que atormentam nossos pacientes há décadas. Apresentamos um relato de caso de infecção do sítio operatório da cavidade peritoneal que ocorreu no início da Pandemia pelo COVID-19 no Brasil. Relato De Caso: paciente submetido a prostatectomia radical, evoluiu com infecção do sítio operatório 30 dias após a cirurgia, possuía coleção na parede abdominal e na pelve interconectadas entre si, que poderia ser drenada com dreno de parede. Discussão: A taxa de infecção do sítio operatório pode chegar a 5% em cirurgias de prostatectomia radical, que é uma taxa aceitável. O início da pandemia no Brasil impediu que os pacientes retornassem aos grandes hospitais, de certa forma, devido ao medo ou à incerteza. Conclusão: Apresentamos um caso de infecção do sítio cirúrgico que coincidiu com o início da pandemia de coronavírus no Brasil que pode ser tratada em uma unidade básica de saúde.

introducción: El mundo se sorprendió con la pandemia COVID-19, una infección viral causada por el SARS-COV-2, que se inició en Wuhan, en la República Popular China, en diciembre de 2019. Además de esta nueva enfermedad, todo Brasil continuó lidiando con otras enfermedades que han afectado a nuestros pacientes durante décadas. Presentamos el reporte de un caso de infección del sitio operatorio de la cavidad peritoneal que ocurrió al inicio de la Pandemia por COVID-19 en Brasil. Relato De Caso: paciente que fue sometido a prostatectomía radical, desarrolló una infección del sitio operatorio 30 días después de la cirugía, tenía una colección en la pared abdominal y pelvis interconectada entre sí, que podía drenarse con un drenaje mural. Discusión: La tasa de infección del sitio operatorio puede llegar al 5% en las cirugías de prostatectomía radical, lo que es una tasa aceptable. El inicio de la pandemia en Brasil impidió que los pacientes regresaran a los grandes hospitales, en cierto modo, por miedo o incertidumbre. Conclusión: Presentamos un caso de infección del sitio quirúrgico que coincidió con el inicio de la pandemia de coronavirus en Brasil que puede ser tratado en una unidad básica de salud

Condução de um caso de infecção de sítio operatório de cavidade peritoneal em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde no início da Pandemia por COVID-19 no município de Bocaina do Sul ­ SC / Conducting a case of infection of the peritoneal cavity surgical site in a Basic Health Unit at the beginning of the Pandemic by COVID-19 in the city of Bocaina do Sul - SC / Realización de un caso de infección del lecho quirúrgico de la cavidad peritoneal en una Unidad Básica de Salud al inicio de la Pandemia por COVID-19 en la ciudad de Bocaina do Sul - SC

Introduction: The world was surprised by COVID - 19 Pandemic, a viral infection caused by SARS-COV-2, which started in Wuhan, People's Republic of China, in December 2019. In addition to this new disease, the entire Brazil continued to deal with other diseases that have plagued our patients for decades. We present a case report of infection of the peritoneal cavity operative site that occurred at the beginning of the Pandemic by COVID-19 in Brazil. Case Report: patient who underwent radical prostatectomy, evolved with infection of the operative site 30 days after surgery, had a collection in the abdominal wall that was interconnected with pelvis cavity that could be drained with a wall drain. Discussion: The rate of infection of the operative site can reach up to 5% in radical prostatectomy surgeries, which is an acceptable rate. The beginning of the Pandemic in Brazil prevented the patients from returning to the big hospitals to some extent, either due to fear or uncertainty. Conclusion: We present a case of infection of the surgical site that coincided with the beginning of the Coronavirus Pandemic in Brazil that can be treated in a Basic Health Unit.

Introdução: O mundo foi surpreendido pela pandemia COVID-19, uma infecção viral causada pelo SARS-COV-2, iniciada em Wuhan, na República Popular da China, em dezembro de 2019. Além dessa nova doença, o Brasil inteiro continuou a lidar com outras doenças que atormentam nossos pacientes há décadas. Apresentamos um relato de caso de infecção do sítio operatório da cavidade peritoneal que ocorreu no início da Pandemia pelo COVID-19 no Brasil. Relato De Caso: paciente submetido a prostatectomia radical, evoluiu com infecção do sítio operatório 30 dias após a cirurgia, possuía coleção na parede abdominal e na pelve interconectadas entre si, que poderia ser drenada com dreno de parede. Discussão: A taxa de infecção do sítio operatório pode chegar a 5% em cirurgias de prostatectomia radical, que é uma taxa aceitável. O início da pandemia no Brasil impediu que os pacientes retornassem aos grandes hospitais, de certa forma, devido ao medo ou à incerteza. Conclusão: Apresentamos um caso de infecção do sítio cirúrgico que coincidiu com o início da pandemia de coronavírus no Brasil que pode ser tratada em uma unidade básica de saúde.

introducción: El mundo se sorprendió con la pandemia COVID-19, una infección viral causada por el SARS-COV-2, que se inició en Wuhan, en la República Popular China, en diciembre de 2019. Además de esta nueva enfermedad, todo Brasil continuó lidiando con otras enfermedades que han afectado a nuestros pacientes durante décadas. Presentamos el reporte de un caso de infección del sitio operatorio de la cavidad peritoneal que ocurrió al inicio de la Pandemia por COVID-19 en Brasil. Relato De Caso: paciente que fue sometido a prostatectomía radical, desarrolló una infección del sitio operatorio 30 días después de la cirugía, tenía una colección en la pared abdominal y pelvis interconectada entre sí, que podía drenarse con un drenaje mural. Discusión: La tasa de infección del sitio operatorio puede llegar al 5% en las cirugías de prostatectomía radical, lo que es una tasa aceptable. El inicio de la pandemia en Brasil impidió que los pacientes regresaran a los grandes hospitales, en cierto modo, por miedo o incertidumbre. Conclusión: Presentamos un caso de infección del sitio quirúrgico que coincidió con el inicio de la pandemia de coronavirus en Brasil que puede ser tratado en una unidad básica de salud.

Fundamental pathological mechanisms underlying gastro-intestinal cancer peritoneal metastasis / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Gastrointestinal cancer peritoneal metastasis(GICPM) is one of the biggest challenges of clinical treatment. The ultimate solution to the problem requires the clinicians to accurately understand cytologic and molecular pathological mechanisms behind GICPM, and apply such knowledge in the clinical decision-making process for diagnosis and treatment of individual patient, so as to realize "prevention" and "treatment" proactively. The core cytopathological mechanisms behind GICPM, which are closely related to clinical treatment decisions, are as follows: (1) free cancer cells or clusters in peritoneal cavity colonize the peritoneum, resulting in irreversible pathological damage to peritoneal mesothelial cells; (2) the colonized cancer cells further invade the specific structure of the peritoneal milky spots and initiate an accelerated invasive growth process; (3) the process of peritoneal interstitial fibrosis aggravates the structural destruction of the peritoneum; (4) the interaction between cancer cells and immune cells in the milk spots forms a permissive immune microenvironment that promotes the growth of peritoneal metastatic cancer. These four core cytopathological mechanisms are mutually causal and promote each other, forming a vicious circle of GICPM development. As long as clinicians accurately understand these four points, it is possible to grasp the opportunity of clinical diagnosis and treatment, change reactive and passive treatment into preventive and proactive treatment, and improve the clinical diagnosis and treatment landscape of GICPM.

Characterization of specialized innate immune cells in the omentum / 生理学报

The great omentum is an intraperitoneal organ and plays an important role in protecting the environment of the peritoneal cavity. Several specialized innate immune cells including B1 cells and resident macrophages are found in the omentum, which may be attributed to the unique niche and its special stromal cells. However, it is not clear how these omental innate immune cells contribute to the peritoneal immunity. This review attempts to summarize the latest research on the omental innate immunity and discuss its involvement in the immune response of the peritoneal cavity.

Hernia gástrica atascada en ventana pericardio-peritoneal: Una rara complicación / Gastric hernia incarcerated into the pericardio-peritoneal window: A rare complication

Presentamos el caso de una paciente septuagenaria, con vómitos, neumonía por broncoaspiración y síndrome de impregnación neoplásica. Los estudios por imágenes muestran la totalidad del estómago herniado en el pericardio a través de una ventana pericardio-peritoneal realizada previamente. Se realizó la resolución quirúrgica del caso. Se hacen consideraciones sobre las opciones para el tratamiento del derrame pericárdico persistente, la hernia gástrica intrapericárdica como complicación, su presentación clínica, hallazgos intraoperatorios, forma de estudio y tratamiento.

We report the case of a 73-year- old female patient with vomiting, aspiration pneumonia and constitutional symptoms. The imaging tests showed total gastric herniation in the pericardial sac through a pericardio-peritoneal window previously created. The case was solved with surgery. The therapeutic options for persistent pericardial effusion are considered. Intrapericardial gastric hernia as a complication, its clinical presentation, intraoperative findings, complementary tests and treatment are discussed.

Human B1 Cells are the Main Blood Group A-Specific B Cells That Have a Moderate Correlation With Anti-A Antibody Titer

BACKGROUND: Anti-carbohydrate antibody responses, including those of anti-blood group ABO antibodies, are yet to be thoroughly studied in humans. Because anti-ABO antibody-mediated rejection is a key hurdle in ABO-incompatible transplantation, it is important to understand the cellular mechanism of anti-ABO responses. We aimed to identify the main human B cell subsets that produce anti-ABO antibodies by analyzing the correlation between B cell subsets and anti-ABO antibody titers. METHODS: Blood group A-binding B cells were analyzed in peritoneal fluid and peripheral blood samples from 43 patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis and 18 healthy volunteers with blood group B or O. The correlation between each blood group A-specific B cell subset and anti-A antibody titer was then analyzed using Pearson's correlation analysis. RESULTS: Blood group A-binding B cells were enriched in CD27⁺CD43⁺CD1c− B1, CD5⁺ B1, CD11b⁺ B1, and CD27⁺CD43⁺CD1c+ marginal zone-B1 cells in peripheral blood. Blood group A-specific B1 cells (P=0.029 and R=0.356 for IgM; P=0.049 and R=0.325 for IgG) and marginal zone-B1 cells (P=0.011 and R=0.410 for IgM) were positively correlated with anti-A antibody titer. Further analysis of peritoneal B cells confirmed B1 cell enrichment in the peritoneal cavity but showed no difference in blood group A-specific B1 cell enrichment between the peritoneal cavity and peripheral blood. CONCLUSIONS: Human B1 cells are the key blood group A-specific B cells that have a moderate correlation with anti-A antibody titer and therefore constitute a potential therapeutic target for successful ABO-incompatible transplantation.

Peritonitis bacteriana secundaria a diálisis peritoneal / Bacterial peritonitis secondary to peritoneal dialysis

Resumen La diálisis peritoneal es uno de los métodos de reemplazo renal para pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica avanzada. Las infecciones representan la segunda causa de muerte y corresponden a gran morbilidad en este grupo de pacientes. La peritonitis asociada a diálisis peritoneal es una patología prevenible y es la principal complicación de este procedimiento. En la mayoría de ocasiones, la etiología es secundaria a bacterias Gram positivas colonizadoras de la piel, aunque no se puede subestimar la importancia de las bacterias Gram negativas. El diagnóstico se basa tanto en el criterio clínico como microbiológico. El tratamiento corresponde en antibióticos por un periodo de por lo menos dos semanas. Esta revisión de tema permite informar al personal de salud, pacientes y cuidadores sobre esta frecuente complicación con el fin de prevenirla, y en su defecto, un diagnóstico y tratamiento temprano con el fin de reducir la morbimortalidad y las complicaciones de dicho cuadro clínico.

Abstract Peritoneal dialysis is one of the main renal replacement therapies for end-stage renal disease. Infections represent the second leading cause of death and correspond to great morbidity in this group of patients. Peritonitis associated with peritoneal dialysis is a preventable disease, and it is also the main complication of this procedure. Most cases are secondary to Gram-positive bacteria skin colonizers; although the importance of Gram-negative bacteria cannot be underestimated. Diagnosis is based both on clinical and microbiological criteria. Treatment consists on at least a two-week period antibiotic scheme. This topic review allows health care providers, patients and caregivers to be informed about this usual complication in order to prevent it, diagnose it and initiate early treatment with the intention to minimize its morbidity, mortality and complications.

Multiple renal tumorectomy in a Von Hipple Lindau patient. Combined retro/transperitoneal approach with intracorporeal hypotermia

ABSTRACT Objective & Introduction: To show the feasibility of a combined transperitoneal (TP) and retroperitoneal (RP) laparoscopic approach in a Von Hipple-Lindau (VHL) patient with multiple kidney tumors. VHL is an autosomal dominant inherited syndrome characterized by a high incidence of benign and malignant tumors and cysts in many organs. Renal cell carcinoma is one of the most common and a leading cause of mortality (1). Surgical approach is usually complex because of its multiplicity and the need of maximum kidney function preservation due to the risk of future recurrences (2, 3). Intracorporeal renal hypothermia may be useful in these cases to prevent permanent renal function loss (4). Materials and Methods: A 40 years old male was being monitored for multiple bilateral renal masses. Family history included a VHL syndrome affecting his mother and sister. Past medical history included a VHL syndrome with multiple cerebellar and medular hemangioblastomas, a pancreatic cystoadenoma and bilateral kidney tumors which had significantly grown up during follow-up. The patient was scheduled for laparoscopic multiple partial nephrectomy. A combined TP and RP approach with intracorporeal hypothermia was chosen. Results: A total of six right kidney tumors were removed. Operative time was 240 min. Cold ischemia time was 50 min. Average kidney temperature was 23.7°C. Blood losses were negligible. The patient was discharged after 72 hours. No major changes in serum creatinine were found during the follow-up. Final pathology revealed a clear cell renal cell carcinoma, pT1a, ISUP grade 2 in most of the tumors but one ISUP grade 3. Surgical margins were negative. Conclusions: Combined TP and RP is a feasible alternative for the treatment of multiple renal tumors. It's safe and effective, allowing the use of intracorporeal hypothermia which may improve postoperative renal function. Consistent experience is needed before embarking on this surgery.

Peritoneal spaces: measurements of peritoneal surfaces / Espacios peritoneales: mediciones de las superficies peritoneales

In this work the quantitative data of the surfaces that limit the sub-spaces that constitute the peritoneal space are shown. The methodology of measurement of the two sheets (parietal and visceral) of the peritoneal serosa applied in our previous paper (Albanese et al., 2009), in non-eviscerated corpses, allowed us to know for the first time, the surface or total extension of the peritoneum "in situ". This methodology was useful to determine the surface or area of the two sheets of the peritoneum, which limit the peritoneal space. Our objective in this study was to determine the total peritoneal areas (visceral + parietal) in human corpses that are not eviscerated, which limit the different sub-spaces that make up the peritoneal space. Ten female cadavers fixed in 5 % formaldehyde solution were used. Small cellophane films were placed directly on the peritoneal sheets. The digital images were obtained by scanning these models. The surface was determined by the "Scion image for Windows" program. The results were expressed as mean +/- SE. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for the statistical study. The results obtained showed that the peritoneal sub-space of greater surface area was retro-omental (mean +/- SE 7767.81 +/- 646.70 cm2 p <0.01 ANOVA), due to the large extension of its visceral surface ( mean +/- SE 7401.82 +/- 640.99 cm2). More than 50 % of the surface of the entire peritoneum corresponds to said sub-space. The smallest peritoneal sub-space (3 % of the total peritoneal surface) was the pelvic sub-space (mean +/- SE 431.30 +/- 41.62 cm2). We believe that this information may be useful in case of peritoneal pathological processes or those affected by prolonged peritoneal dialysis, and that knowledge of the surface and extension of the peritoneal space involved may contribute to the estimation of the peritoneal surface involved and help to plan the treatment.

En este trabajo se muestran los datos cuantitativos de las superficies que limitan el espacio peritoneal y los sub-espacios que lo componen. La metodología de medición de las dos hojas (parietal y visceral) de la serosa peritoneal empleada en cadáveres no eviscerados, permitió conocer por primera vez, la superficie o extensión total del peritoneo in situ. El objetivo en este trabajo fue determinar -en cadáveres humanos no evisceradoslas áreas peritoneales totales (visceral + parietal) que limitan los distintos sub-espacios que conforman el espacio peritoneal. Se han utilizado diez cadáveres femeninos no eviscerados fijados en solución de formaldehido al 5 %. Pequeñas películas de celofán se colocaron directamente sobre las hojas peritoneales. La obtención de imágenes digitales se realizó escaneando estos modelos. La superficie fue determinada por el programa "Scion image for Windows". Los resultados se expresaron como media +/- SE. Para el estudio estadístico se utilizó el análisis de varianza (ANOVA). Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que el sub-espacio peritoneal de mayor superficie fue el retro-omental (media +/- SE 7767,81 +/ - 646,70 cm2 p<0.01 ANOVA), debido a la gran extensión de su superficie visceral (media +/- SE 7401,82 +/- 640,99 cm2). Más del 50 % de la superficie de todo el peritoneo corresponde a dicho sub-espacio. El sub-espacio peritoneal más pequeño (3 % de la superficie peritoneal total) fue el sub-espacio pélvico (media +/SE 431,30 +/- 41,62 cm2). Esta información podrá ser de utilidad en el caso de procesos patológicos peritoneales o áreas afectadas por diálisis peritoneal prolongada. De esta manera el conocimiento de la extensión del espacio peritoneal involucrado, puede contribuir a la estimación de la magnitud y gravedad de la superficie peritoneal comprometida. Además puede ayudar a planificar el tratamiento.

Laparoscopic Treatment of Hepatic Abscess Caused by an Ingested Foreign Body

Pyogenic hepatic abscess caused by an ingested foreign body is extremely uncommon, and reports on the laparoscopic treatment for it are very rare. We report here on a case of hepatic abscess caused by an ingested chicken bone which was treated with a laparoscopic approach. A 61-year-old man visited an emergency room with the chief complaints of high fever. He was diagnosed with pyogenic liver abscess that contained a sharp calcified foreign body seen on a CT-scan. At first, percutaneous transhepatic drainage of the abscess was performed to achieve recovery of the patient's condition. Subsequent laparoscopic exploration found and removed the foreign body in the lesser sac. The foreign body turned out to be an ingested chicken bone. The patient was discharged on the 10th day after surgery.

Initial Experience with Laparoscopic Mini-gastric Bypass in Korean Obese Patients

PURPOSE: To report our initial experience with laparoscopic mini-gastric bypass (LMGB) in Korean obese patients.MATERIALS AND METHODS: From July 2016 to February 2018, 14 male patients underwent LMGB for morbid obesity at a single institution. Five trocars were placed in a U-shape formation and 1 trocar was placed at the epigastrium as a liver retractor; a window was created between the vagal nerve and lesser curvature at the gastric angle for entering the lesser sac; a narrow gastric tube (~100–120 ml volume) was made; a linear-stapled gastrojejunostomy was created after bypassing the jejunum 200 cm from the Treitz' ligament; and the Petersen defect was closed to prevent internal hernia. Patient demographics, operative time, estimated blood loss, postoperative hospital stay, complications, weight loss, and resolution of comorbidities were evaluated during 1 year of follow-up.RESULTS: All procedures were successful by laparoscopy. The average age was 29 (19–49) years; weight, 164.9 (127-250) kg; and body mass index, 51.0 (42.4–81.6) kg/m². In 1 case, nephrectomy was simultaneously performed for early renal cell carcinoma. The mean operative time was 148.8 (120-175) min. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 1.9 (1–4) days. The percentage excess weight loss at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months was 16.6%, 31.0%, 41.4%, 45.4%, and 50.4%, respectively. The resolution rate of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia was 75%, 40%, and 66.7%, respectively. There was no major complication including mortality during the follow-up.CONCLUSION: LMGB is a technically simple, safe, and effective procedure in Korean obese patients.

Three Surgical Approaches of Laparoscopic Splenic Flexure Mobilization

Splenic flexure mobilization during laparoscopic colorectal surgery, which is used for elongation of the remaining colon after resecting the left colon or rectum, is sometimes essential for making a secure anastomosis without tension. However, laparoscopic splenic flexure mobilization is often time consuming and technically demanding, particularly in obese patients with severe adhesion. Therefore, three surgical approaches are introduced to make the procedure easier according to the method of entering the lesser sac: anterior approach, inferio-medial approach, and lateral approach.

MRI Finding of Retroperitoneal Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor with Hepatic Metastasis and Portal Vein Thrombosis: a Case Report

Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is a rare and aggressive malignancy common in young male patient. Typical imaging features of DSRCT include multiple soft tissue masses in the peritoneal cavity, omentum, or mesentery without an organ of origin. This report presents a rare manifestation of DSRCT revealing a solitary large retroperitoneal mass with hepatic metastasis and malignant portal vein thrombosis in 70-year-old women together with the review of literature. The tumor showed a hemorrhagic and necrotic mass with peripheral portion of T2 hypo-intensity and delayed enhancement that indicated desmoplastic stroma with dense cellularity.

Successful Treatment in a Newborn Infant with Chylous Ascites and Chylous Hydrocele

Chyle only occurs in the peritoneal cavity or around the pericardium through damage to the lymph nodes or improper drainage of the lymph and is characterized by a colostrum-like color and being rich in triglyceride. We encountered a case of a newborn infant with abdominal distention and further diagnosed chylous ascites and hydrocele by inspecting and analyzing the fluid obtained from the abdominal cavity and scrotum. Additionally, a lymphoscintigraphy was performed, which showed a decrease in the uptake of radioactive isotopes in the left iliac nodes and a delayed appearance. Here, we report a case of chyle diagnosed through puncture analysis and its subsequent successful treatment.